Examples of Diacritical Marks

In phonetics, a diacritical mark is a  glyph—or symbol—added to a letter that alters its sense, function, or pronunciation. It is also known as a diacritic or an accent mark. A  diacritical mark is a point, sign, or squiggle added or attached to a letter or character to indicate appropriate stress, special pronunciation, or unusual sounds not common in the Roman alphabet, according to  L. Kip  Wheeler, a professor at Carson-Newman University in Tennessee. Purpose While diacritical marks are more common in foreign languages, you do encounter them quite often in English. For example, diacritics are often used with  certain French loanwords,  words  that are imported into one  language  from another language. Cafà © and clichà ©Ã‚  are loanwords  from French that contain a diacritical mark called an acute accent, which helps indicate how the  final  e  is pronounced. Diacritical marks are used in dozens of other foreign languages, including  Afrikaans, Arabic, Hebrew,  Filipino, Finnish, Greek, Galician, Irish, Italian, Spanish, and Welsh. These marks can change not only the pronunciation but also the meaning of a word. One example in English is rà ©sumà © or resumà © versus resume. The first two terms are nouns that mean  curriculum vitae, while the second is a verb meaning to return to or begin again.   Diacritical Marks in English There are literally dozens of diacritical marks, but it is helpful to learn the basic diacritics in English, as well as their functions. Some of the marks and explanations are adapted from a  list of diacritical marks  created by Professor Wheeler. Diacritical Mark Purpose Examples Acute accent Used with certain French loanwords cafà ©, clichà © Apostrophe * Indicates possession or the omission of a letter children's, don't Cedilla Attached to the bottom of the letter c in French loanwords, indicating a soft c faà §ade Circumflex accent Indicates reduced primary stress à ©levà  tor à ´perà  tor Diaeresis or Umlaut Used with certain names and words as a guide to pronunciation Chloà «, Brontà «, coà ¶perate, naà ¯ve Grave accent Occasionally used in poetry to indicate that a normally silent vowel should be pronounced learnà ¨d Macron or Stress Mark A dictionary notation to signify "long" vowel sounds pÄ dÄ  for payday Tilde In Spanish loan words, the tilde indicates a /y/ sound added to a consonant. caà ±on or pià ±a colada Tilde In Portuguese loanwords, the tilde indicates nasalized vowels. Sà £o Paulo *Because marks of punctuation arent added to letters, theyre generally not regarded as diacritics. However, an exception is sometimes made for apostrophes. Examples of Diacritics Diacritical marks are plentiful in English-language articles and books. Writers and  lexicographers  have used the marks to great advantage over the years as these examples show: Acute accent:  Feluda handed over the blue  attachà © case  before he sat down.- Satyajit Ray, The Complete Adventures of Feluda Apostrophe: Lets go down to my house and have some more fun,  Nancy said. Mother wont let us, I said. Its too late now. Dont bother her, Nancy said.- William Faulkner, That Evening Sun Go Down. The American Mercury, 1931 Diaeresis  or Umlaut:  Five young activists were voted into office, bringing political validation to a youth-driven movement dismissed by establishment elders as naà ¯ve, unschooled, and untenable.- Youthquake. Time,  Oct. 6, 2016 Grave accent:  Margret stood in her chamber;Shed sewn a silken seam.She lookà ¨d east an she lookà ¨d west,An  she saw those woods grow green.Tam Lin, The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads Macron: neighbornoun  Ã‚  neigh ·bor  \ˈnÄ -bÉ™r\- Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., 2009 Diacritics in Foreign Languages As noted, there are literally dozens of diacritical marks in foreign languages. Wheeler gives these examples: Swedish and Norse words may also use the circle marking above certain vowels (à ¥), and Czechoslovakian words may use the hacek  (ˆ), a wedge-shaped symbol to indicate a ch sound as in English chill. But unless you learn—or at least develop a proficiency—in those languages, you wont know how to read the words and letters altered by diacritical marks. You should, however, learn where these marks have become common in English—and where they have been dropped, notes  Shelley Townsend-Hudson in The Christian Writers Manual of Style. It can be tricky to know when to retain the diacritical marks, she says: The language is in flux. It is becoming more common, for example, to see the acute accent and diacritics being dropped from the words  clichà ©, cafà ©, and  naà ¯ve—thus,  cliche, cafe, and  naive. But dropping diacritical marks can change the meaning of a word. Townsend-Hudson argues that in many cases you should retain these crucial marks, particularly various accents, to ensure you are referring to the correct word, such as  pà ¢tà ©Ã‚  instead of  pate: The first use means  a spread of finely chopped or pureed seasoned meat, while the second refers the crown of the head—certainly a great difference in meaning. Diacritical marks are also important when you are referring to foreign place names, such as  Sà £o Paulo, Gà ¶ttingen, and  Cà ³rdoba  and personal names such as  Salvador Dalà ­, Molià ¨re, and  Karel ÄÅ'apek, she notes. Understanding diacritical marks is the key, then, to correctly identifying and even using many of the foreign words that have migrated into the English language.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 703 Words

Our problem today is that we have allowed the internal to become lost in the external -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Todays world is based on appearance, and most often the goal is not as important as the means by which it is achieved. Why is this such a problem? Time after time, people come to find that they have wasted their lives working towards a goal which, in the end, was never worth all that work to begin with, or they realize that they could have gone about their actions differently. The people of modern America are all about living live for the moment, taking risks, not making sacrifices, and never yielding to the long run. Looking at the world of 2015, one can witness the apex of human civilization. Who can†¦show more content†¦In September of 1957, at Little Rock High School, crowds of people against the integration of public schools, prevented nine black students from entering the school. What a waste of time that was. Instead of getting so worked up about who goes to what school, people should have stepped down and kept their opinions, and oppositions inside. This is an example of why ?bottling up? emotions is a good thing. It is not necessarily one?s appearance that make others not like him, but the things he says and does. Because of this, it is very hard to believe that white people oppressed blacks solely because of skin color. Oppression is wrong no matter what, but certain actions, and the way they were executed, which blacks took to eliminate segregation may have instead fueled hatred from whites. Sit-ins and bus boycotts are all forms of protest and rebellion, no matter how nonviolent they are. The Rosa Parks bus incident in 1955 is a great example of how two sides can escalate conflict. On one hand Rosa Parks refused to be polite and give up her seat, and started a nationwide boycott against public transportation. On the other hand, some white guy has nothing better to do that complain that he can not sit at the front of the bus. The only thing harder than integrating two races is integrating two races when one side is opposed. Due to, once again internal principles and beliefs (as earlier discussed in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. 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John Biggers The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art Essay Example For Students

John Biggers: The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art Essay The integrated symbols of African American and African cultural themes within the artwork of John Biggers greatly reflects and displays women playing a non-stereotypical role within society. First it is important to understand the definition of symbolization, which is defined as, the systematic or creative use of arbitrary symbols as abstracted representations of concepts or objects and the distinct relationships in between, as they define both context and the narrower definition of terms. Now that I have clarified the definition of symbolization I can proceed in showing you exactly what a huge role symbolism plays in John Biggers artwork and most importantly his murals. Therefore, by examining and explaining John Biggers cultural roots and early lifestyle, along with Aunt Dicy, his last piece of artwork from his earlier art styles, and comparing his murals Longhoreman and Nubia, I will prove my opinion of just how significant the use of symbolization is to portray the important messages that are held within all of John Biggers artwork. First of all, is the important focus of John Biggers cultural roots. John Biggers was, from Gastonia, North Carolina, he was born in a shotgun house built by his father, Paul. The shotgun houses were very popular in this particular day of time because they were designed where every room connected to another, and their name symbolizes that you could literally fire a shotgun through one side of the house and a bullet would go straight through the house and come out the other end. They were very simple in their design and building shotgun houses took no time at all. John Biggers father was a Baptist preacher, schoolteacher, farmer, principal of a three-room school, and shoemaker. His mother, Cora, did laundry and cooked for white families. Being raised in such a structured strong rooted up bringing John Biggers was raised in a family that was able to keep their feet on the ground, and they were able to ground themselves in the south where obtaining a structured and successful life as an African American was almost unheard of. Therefore, his childhood days gave him a strong stepping stool into the real world, and aloud him to strive for only the best, but at the same time he was able to keep things real by never losing the true perspective of things. Another lifestyle influence that took place and is displayed in John Biggers art work is described when Cavan Leerkamp states, As I have read and studied I would say the greatest influence on his art (other than of course his awe-inspiring teacher Professor Lowenfeld) would be his trip to Africa. What makes symbols truly special is a spiritual and personal connection made through an experience relating to that symbol. John Biggers trip to Africa gave him hands on experience of the African Culture and aloud him to take his perceptions of the culture and apply personal and spiritual symbols to create a central theme within his artwork. The impact that the culture had upon John Biggers and his ability to soak up their history, legends, and traditions has greatly been displayed and influenced his portrayal of African Americans within his murals and he has contributed to the cultural impact within society itself. Secondly, around 1956 one of John Biggers best friends otherwise known as J. Mason Brewer asked him if he would depict the images and illustrate his adult-teen stories. These images became some of the last images produced by John Biggers within his early stages and symbolize to make up the period of his early stages within his artwork otherwise known as his way and views of life before he visited Africa. Although the time period and generation that Aunt Dicy lived in might now have been ready for her, she was fully ready for them. John Biggers illustrates a character of that in, which, The spirit of Aunt Dicy Johnson of Burleson County, East Texas, is one of self-assured determination expressed through her strong moral stance, her ingenuity and her wit. The Paths of Yoga EssayFinally, in order to draw a conclusion, we must focus on John Biggers other artwork and his use of symbolization in these two art pieces that we must perceive in two completely different manners and perspectives in which that, It is easily visible looking at the early murals Longshoreman and then looking forward at pieces like Nubia that a strong language had developed. Displayed below in Figure 2 is John Biggers Longshoreman mural and in Figure 3 is his Nubia mural. In Figure 2 Biggers depicts the busyness of a port in Houston and draws in the five senses to symbolize the characters and portray the constant commotion that is going on where he is located. John Biggers only had a very short amount of time to complete this mural because he had received a grant to Africa, and so this mural is a very influential piece of art that shows his adolescence and weak use of symbols compared to his Nubia Mural. Figure 2. Longshoreman Figure 3. Nubia Lastly, it is important to know that, To learn we must experience. If we cannot experience directly by traveling through Africa as he did then we must try the indirect route through reading and studying this history of these places hes traveled. By using this mural we are able to see that John Biggers artistic days before he journeyed to Africa were a lot more closed minded, and didnt depict as much symbolism, culture, legend, and felling as this mural from after his journey does. Therefore, John Biggers had the tools from childhood to be a very influential artist, but we must view these murals and take into account how influential it was to John Biggers when he went to Africa, and how it changed his artwork from that moment on forever. In Conclusion, John Biggers was raised in a very successful and well-grounded family for the regular living standards that were occurring in most families throughout the South at the time John Biggers was born. He was able to utilize and absorb the feelings and events that took place in his family and portray them to his viewers in many symbolic ways that were very significant to his artwork. He set women at such high standards and was very sentimental and dedicated to his views on the mother being the nurturer and caretaker and the father being the provider for the family. He put them on the same level, and was astonished to see things different when he visited Africa. John Biggers work greatly displays cultures, traditions, non-stereotypical roles that draw in his viewers, and prepared him for the greatest change to come which would impact his whole life and outlook on Art, his visit to Africa.

Religious Conflict Through The Ages Essays - Culture,

Religious Conflict Through The Ages The role religion plays in world history is, at best, tremendous. Through the ages, religion has both unified and divided civilizations often bringing extreme human casualty, in the case of division, or creating interesting new cultures, in the case of the latter. In the Ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Kush and Egyptian empires religion serves as a catalyst further strengthening the bond found in such homogeneous societies. In these civilizations it is important to note that the inhabitants did not conceive of religion in terms of a belief system in a higher moral authority, rather, the belief system was such a part of their lifestyle that there was no differentiation. In discussing ancient civilizations such as the Greek and Kush empires it is also important to understand that nonconformity was not even a mode of thinking, therefore, there was no room for religious disunity. In homogeneous societies, religion serves to further bridge the culture together. This is not the ca se in other later civilizations. England's King Henry VIII separation from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century presents the most interesting scenario in discussing the role of religion and how it either unites or divides people. For the first time, moreso than Rome's conversion to Christianity, a religious division was taking place within a relatively homogeneous society. Religion perhaps is predominately viewed by most contemporaries as problematic given the current divisions among many Catholics and Protestants in Ireland and the continuing conflict between Muslims and Hebrews in the Middle East. The Crusades serve as an example of how two religiously unified societies become fierce competitors in the conquest for world domination, in this sense, religion is divisive. The dynamics in determining whether religion unites or divides people are extremely complex especially when discussing civilizations from the Egyptians to the English dynasties. However, three distinctions can be outlined in this discussion. Firstly, religion serves as a catalyst further unifying homogeneous civilizations such as the Greek, Ku*censored*e and Egyptian societies, secondly, religion serves as a primary focus of difference when two homogeneous societies, such as the Muslims and the Christians involve themselves in a conflict for spiritual dominance, and, thirdly, how religion, in some homogenous societies such as the Protestant Reformation of the late Tudor and early Stuart dynasties in England, serves to divide the people. Religious observance in ancient civilizations serves to further bridge the connectedness that the people of those societies felt. In the ancient Greek, Ku*censored*e and and Egyptian cultures religion was such a integral part of their lifestyle that it was totally indistinguishable in terms of contemporary classifications. The ancient Greeks held close to a common polytheistic belief system and operated the government, domestic lifestyle, and recreation from this system. The evidence is abounds in that the Olympic Games were held at the feast of Zeus at Olympia in Elis, and the Pythian Games were held at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. Although the Greeks were advanced in the governmental procedures such as their creation of the republic, Kings such as Darius yielded extreme power and control. The Ku*censored*es who first known around the sixth century B. C.(538 B.C.) were the darker skinned people who rivaled, to a small extent, the great Egyptian dynasties. The Ku*censored*es had a cen tral belief system that revolved around the ka or soul as Miriam Ma'at Ka Re Monges explains in her book entitled Kush: The Jewel of Nubia. The ka was used as a term for the creative and sustaining power of life which every human being shared by entering the world. Another important factor in explaining how religion within homogeneous societies serves as a bonding force is the Ku*censored*e custom of regicide. In Meroe as well as other Ku*censored*e kingdoms, the killing of the king was an accepted custom. The religious belief is that the King's physical well being was directly tied to the gods and to the fertility of the lands. Monges, in her book, further contends that: ?since the king was responsible for Maat[term a number of positive qualities, i.e. righteousness and truth] and since the fertility of the land was necessary for balance and order, the decreased vitality of the king would affect the production

Importance of military in Othello Essay Example

Importance of military in Othello Paper During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, global confrontation between Turk and Christian worried military theorists. Turks were renowned for their courage, skill and cruelty on the battlefield. European warfare was also passing through a transitional stage between feudal hosts of the Middle Ages and permanent professional rmies of modern times. Othello is a condottiere fighting by contract for Venetian Republic, reflecting what European warfare would become. Yet, his self-fashioned image of a romantic and chivalric hero defeating the infidel in order to win a fair damsel is remnant of a medieval idea. Thus, confusion behind the two constructs and thus in Othello himself is inevitable. Othello takes place in a military background almost exclusively, and this is important to the tragedy, as it affects Othellos understanding of love, the importance of honour and reputation to the male protagonists and furthermore enables the audience to perceive both the external conflict between the Turks and Venetians, but also the internal conflict in Othello. This dimension allows the pay to be defined as both a public and domestic tragedy. Throughout the play, Othello makes statements such as Tis better to be much but to knowt a little. This conveys Othellos surprise, suggesting he has only learned things many take for granted. His occupation is also crucial to the tragedy, as it is his stories of the battlefield that initially woo Desdemona: she loved me for the dangers I had passed. However, we as an audience become aware of the fragility of their loves foundation as the play progresses through the symbol of the handkerchief. Othello weaves an intriguing and romantic story describing its history (further emphasizing that Othellos heroic narratives were an important factor in winning Desdemona), yet throughout the play, the handkerchief is stolen (showing their loves vulnerability) and proceeding the temptation scene when Desdemona tries to bind Othellos aching head with it, he states it is too little, indicating that their love cannot rid Othello of the suspicion of being cuckolded in his mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of military in Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of military in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of military in Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is Othellos occupation, then, that initiates the tragic process. Furthermore, Othellos naivety in matters concerning love makes him vulnerable to Iagos verbal predation. He is quick to believe what Iago tells him, even to Iagos surprise who states that the Moor already changes with my poison. It is Othellos occupation as a soldier that causes this, as the milieu of soldiers was virile and male-dominated. The soldiers life in Shakespearean times was lacking in female contact as long durations of time were spent in the company of soldiers alone. Iagos occupation as a soldier also contributes to the readiness at which Othello believes him. A Venetian, Iago states he knows the women of Venice well. Venice was infamous for its courtesans, and Iago easily convinces Othello that Desdemona is no different than the untrustworthy and seductive women of Venice. This knowledge inevitably arises from his career, as soldiers were infamous for womanizing. Another important aspect to a soldier that is important to the tragedy is honour and reputation, reputation reputation! The significance of honour to Othellos central characters mobilizes the tragic outcome as Renaissance soldiers lives were dominated by it, especially since it was still the age when chivalry majorly contributed to the rules and discipline of the army. Othello demonstrates the desire to preserve his honour when he dismisses Cassio after his drunken brawl. Othello rather solemnly states he is no more his lieutenant, suggesting that those that lose their honour must be dismissed as a customary practice. Othello states he will make Cassio an example, despite the close relationship the two formerly shared. Cassios drunkenness is not without significance, as there was rules against drunkenness on duty, and Thomas Digges Stratioticos clearly states that dronkennes doth turn men into beasts. Othello aligns himself with this view as he enters in the barrack room, declaring his soldiers have turned Turk Turks being associated with brutal and animalistic behaviour. It is Cassios lost honour as a soldier that causes his dismissal and continues to mobilize the plot. Othellos brutal sense of honour is also demonstrated in a scene crucial to the tragedy when Othello decides to murder Desdemona. He says the justice of it pleases me, chillingly suggesting that strangling her is the moral and honourable thing to do. Othello constructs himself as a romantic and chivalric knight, and a characteristic of this identity was winning a damsel of a higher social station. If this woman was to lose her status, Othellos self-fashioned status was also in jeopardy. Thus when Edmund Spensers Red Crosse Knight discovers the fair Fidelia is really the foul whore Duessa, he is emasculated. When Othello becomes convinced that Desdemona is equally foul, his occupation is gone. The chivalric ideal upon which he has built his military vocation is destroyed and his reputation gone, and thus he decides that it is just to destroy her. Iago also plays upon this ontological insecurity when he says He that filches makes me poor indeed, suggesting that wronging someones name is the worst offence of all. A soldiers propensity to seek revenge is also crucial to the tragic plot. It is this that plays a large part in Othellos decision to kill Desdemona. This is due to vengeance being a principal element in a soldiers life, as many wars are fought on the basis of vengeance; a soldier learns to retaliate subsequent to being wronged, and thus Othello sees this as a natural medium of correcting Desdemonas apparent transgression, causing it to be somewhat explanatory of Othellos merciless killing of her, the woman he loves. When discussing the murder with Iago, Othello speaks in prose showing the systematic approach to revenge, as would be common in the devising of military plans. Yet, his speech is also punctuated with short sharp utterances to reflect how his passion is beginning to prevail over his military reasoning: O tis foul in her with mine officer! Thats fouler. Elizabethan military treatises agree that the careful selection of subordinates was a Generals most important duty. For Othello, that Desdemona would be topped by his handpicked is ignominious and degrading, and far more subversive than Desdemona being unfaithful with another. Thus Othellos quest for revenge is rooted in the desire to uphold his reputation as a great general: a way of being a black man in a white mans world. It is also essential to the development of the plays tragic situation that the male protagonists are soldiers as it allows the incorporation of professional jealousy one of Iagos apparent motivations. Although Coleridge stated that Iago was a motive-hunting malignity, there are instances in the play that signal a tension between those in different military positions. Iagos initial complaint against Othello is regarding his selection of officers. As Giles Clayton in 1591 stated, a lieutenant must be a man of great experience and knowledge in service. It is on this basis that Iago deems Cassio, a bookish theoric as unfit for the position. Another of Iagos grievances regarding Cassios appointment is that letter and affection obtained it. However, the audience learns that Iago has also tried to attain the office by persuading three great ones of the city to make personal requests to Othello, showing that Iago is just as guilty of trying to attain this office by letter and affection. It is also clear that Cassio was also chosen a more legitimate basis as he knew Othello well enough to serve as a go-between during his courtship of Desdemona and also knew of their love, a shock even to Desdemonas father. Furthermore, he is trusted enough by the Senate to be made governor of Cyprus. However, although Cassio is a valid choice for lieutenant, he does remind Iago rather snidely of his position, saying the lieutenant is to be savd before the ancient. In regard to Iago, his position as an ensign allows the audience to see the duplicity of his character and increases the irony surrounding his falseness. Readers of Othello have noted the verbal irony in the noun phrase honest Iago that reverberates throughout the play. However, the Ensign, as Elizabethan military treatises agree, must have been selected because of his upright and honest character. This is because the Ensign carried the flag, an emblem of the nobility of war and a representation of the country. Therefore, he must have been trustworthy enough for the soldiers to follow into battle. Garrard insisted that the Ensign must be a man of good account. Iago is hardly honest, however. He professes his lack of loyalty to his superior officer: not I for love and duty / But seeming so for my peculiar end I am not what I am. This supposed honesty that Iago should possess as the Ensign perhaps accounts for Othellos propensity to trust him. This is also due to the close relationship the Ensign and General were intended to hold. This proclivity to have confidence in Iago mobilizes the tragic situation, as Othello disregards pleas from his innocent wife even on her deathbed. Lastly, global struggle between West and East, Venice and Turkey is dramatized in the final act in the psychological battle within Othello. His last speech is central, as when he kills himself, it is in the same manner as he once killed the Turk who had beaten the Venetian in Aleppo. Therefore, Othello is reasserting the myth of Venice as a rational and ordered place on the outside, but having a corrupt internal structure; his rational and virtuous self destroys the irrational and cruel Turk within. Through this suicide, he is also acknowledging that he is both Venetian and Turk. Thus, the plays domestic conflicts also dramatize the conflict between places and cultures, as the West felt itself to be in contact with the barbarous East. The precarious ness of a nations identity is expressed through the tragedy of Othello. In conclusion, without the Othello being firmly founded on a military basis, the tragic plot could not be effectively mobilized. The milieu of the soldiers also allows the attitudes and relationships in the play to unfold, and also show how the desired characteristics of a soldier are in direct opposition to acting in a civilized and rational way in situations away from the battlefield.

The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence Essays - Philosophy

The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence Essays - Philosophy The Prince, MachiavelliS Economy Of Violence The Prince, Machiavellis Economy of Violence Machiavelli was an Italian historian, statesman, and political philosopher, whose amoral, but influential writings on power building have turned his name into a synonym for cunning and duplicity. I personally feel he is a genius. Niccolo Machiavelli was born on May 3, 1469, in Florence, Italy. He eventually became a man who lived his life for politics and patriotism. Right now, however, he is associated with corrupt, totalitarian government. The reason for this is a small pamphlet he wrote called The Prince to gain influence with the ruling Medici family in Florence. The political genius of Niccolo Machiavelli was overshadowed by the reputation that was unfairly given to him because of a misunderstanding of his views on politics. Machiavelli's life was very interesting. He lived a nondescript childhood in Florence, and his main political experience in his youth was watching Savanarola from afar. Soon after Savanarola was executed, Machiavelli entered the Florentine government as a secretary. His position quickly rose, however, and was soon engaging in diplomatic missions. He met many of the important politicians of the day, such as the Pope and the King of France, but none had more impact on him than a prince of the Papal States, Cesare Borgia. Borgia was a cunning, cruel man, very much like the one portrayed in The Prince. Machiavelli did not truly like Borgia's policies, but he thought that with a ruler like Borgia the Florentines could unite Italy, which was Machiavelli's goal throughout his life. Unfortunately for Machiavelli, he was dismissed from office when the Medici came to rule Florence and the Republic was overthrown. The lack of a job forced him to switch to writing about politics instead of being active. His diplomatic missions were his last official government positions. When Machiavelli lost his office, he desperately wanted to return to politics. He tried to gain the favor of the Medici by writing an essay of what he thought were the Medici's goals and dedicating it to them. And so The Prince was written for that purpose. Unfortunately, the Medici didn't agree with what the book said, so he was out of a job. But when the public saw the book, they were outraged. The people wondered how cruel a man could be to think evil thoughts like the ones in The Prince, and this would come back to haunt him when he was alive and dead. However, if the people wanted to know what Machiavelli really stood for, they should have read his Discourses on Livy, which explain his full political philosophy. But not enough people had and have, and so the legacy of The Prince continues to define Machiavelli to the general public. A few years later the Medici were kicked out of Florence. The republic was re-established, and Machiavelli ran to retake the office he had left so many years ago. But the reputation that The Prince had established made people think his philosophy was like the Medici, so he was not elected. And here the sharp downhill of his life began. His health began to fail him, and he died months later, in 1527. Machiavelli had been unfairly attacked all of his life because of a bad reputation. But it only got worse after he died. He was continually blasted for his support of corrupt ruling. In fact, Machiavellian now means corrupt government. Only recently has his true personality come to light. The world must change it's vision of the cold, uncaring Machiavelli to the correct view of a patriot and a political genius. Throughout his career Machiavelli sought to establish a state capable of resisting foreign attack. His writings are concerned with the principles on which such a state is founded, and with the means by which they can be implemented and maintained. In, The Prince he describes the method by which a prince can acquire and maintain political power. This study, which has often been regarded as a defense of the despotism and tyranny of such rulers as Cesare Borgia, is based on Machiavelli's belief that a ruler is not bound by traditional ethical norms. In his view, a prince should be concerned only with power

Effects of Terrorism on World Population Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effects of Terrorism on World Population - Essay Example Part of the United States’ response was to wage a war on a terrorist-sponsoring state, Afghanistan, in an attempt to destroy the group responsible for the attack, which is another effect of terrorism. In addition to political effects, terrorism brings with it economic consequences, which will be made clearer with the September 11 example, and psychological consequences, which will be illustrated using other examples of terrorism from the past century. Overall, the effects of terrorism on a society are grievous and intentional, and they stem from that intentional, schematic use of aggression to inflict harm on civilian populations. Politically, terrorism evokes war and the usual costs of war: military-related deaths (as evidenced by Operating Enduring Freedom), restrictions on personal liberties (as evidenced by the Patriot Act of 2001), and decreased trust in governments and public officials to provide safety and security to the nation. Since 2001 with the beginning of Operati on Enduring Freedom, approximately 2,796 coalition fatalities have occurred, which is a significant impact on communities within the United States, Great Britain, and elsewhere (casualties). The Patriot Act of 2001, which was passed as a means of intercepting and obstructing terrorism, allows federal law enforcement to intercept private communications between American citizens. In addition to restrictions on personal liberties, terrorism generally results in public distrust of governments and public officials. Distrust in government during a time of crisis is generally a source of social destabilization, a form of nihilism that is the ultimate goal of terrorism. Correspondingly, terrorism has definite economic consequences for the regions and countries suffering from its effects. A primary measure of economic productivity, such as GDP, may provide an immediate perspective on how impactful terrorism is on a macroeconomy. According to one analysis, the September 11th attacks reduced r eal GDP growth in 2001 by 0.5%, and increased unemployment rate by 0.11% (or approximately 598,000 jobs) (Roberts). In addition, forecasted GDP growth for 2002 fell sharply because of the attacks, indicating a loss of consumer confidence as a result. Politically and economically, the cost of national defense skyrocketed after the terrorist attacks, which, as economic Paul Krugman notes, is a result of the â€Å"political program enabled by terrorism† (Balogun 115). Sometimes, and ideally from the perspective of a terrorist, the actual attack will significantly influence economic targets. The World Trade Center, for instance, contained essential information for multinational corporations, which was completely lost in the attacks. In addition, the attacks occurred mainly in New York City, which houses the New York Stock Exchange that closed for a week following the attacks—a closure that represented the stoppage of the global economy. Lastly, at a more individual level, the psychological consequences of terrorism are equally severe. All Americans were afflicted with a similar sort of paranoia (often fueled by race) in the days, weeks, and even months after the September 11 attacks.

Planetary Science Will the Rover lead us to finding life or us humans Research Paper

Planetary Science Will the Rover lead us to finding life or us humans living on Mars sometime - Research Paper Example In 1971 may on 30th, mariner 9 took off from the earth to Mars on an Atlas Centaur rocket. It managed to arrive there in November the same year and started orbiting round the Red Planet. This was the first greatest achievement by the American manmade spaceship object to rotate around another planet. In this view, human beings had added a manmade satellite to another world. Following the American success, the Soviet Union also sent their two spaceships to Mars. These were Mars two and Mars three which achieved Martian orbit. This marked a constant desire to make more discoveries on the Red Planet and in three weeks, it had become a hotspot scientifically. The orbiting around Mars started changing human perspective about the solar system as a whole2. Spaceship has provided information concerning the family of planets indicating them to be strange and exotic than many people expected. In this regard, mars produced many surprises than any other solar system family. Mariner 9 indicated that Mars poses the biggest canyon and the largest mountain together with ancient streams and riverbeds. These discoveries were made from different sites on the Planet. The findings have been verified and explored in great details. Succeeding probes continue to sustain hopes that scientists might find signs of life on another planet just like the Earth3. Mars is still a fascinating place for humanity after forty years of research although; the investigation has proved to be a rocky business. According to Oxford astronomer, Professor Fred Taylor, Mars exploration story has been a true rollercoaster. Taylor closely worked with Nasa on several missions on Mars. He mentioned that the results of the explorations were different. Other results proved that there exists life on the planet4. On the other hand, some results proved the efforts to find life on the planet to be

Ethical Healthcare Issues Essay Example for Free

Ethical Healthcare Issues Essay Ethical dilemmas in health care are often the most difficult to navigate. Quite often the life of a person depends on the decision made when a challenge arises. This is certainly the case regarding patients in a permanent vegetative state. These cases have provoked very strong, opposing opinions throughout the medical community. Generating a definitive answer to how a facility handles these situations is extremely important to ensure appropriate ethical policy is followed throughout the care or termination of medical services for a person in a permanent vegetative state. Four ethical principles assist in guiding the ethical conversation: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Autonomy Preserving a patient’s autonomy is a standard ethical policy for health care providers. Examples of how doctors and facilities protect a patient’s right to independence include Advance Directives, the Patient Self-Determination Act, and HIPAA. â€Å"The problem is that vegetative patients are not competent to refuse continued treatment, and there is concern about how best to protect them from treatment that they would probably refuse if they could† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). A patient who has the unforeseen misfortune of entering into the permanent vegetative state may not have the chance to express their stance through an Advance Directive on how he or she wish to proceed medically, therefore stripping him or her of the right to autonomy. Some patients may have expressed their wishes informally to their family members and loved ones, such as the desire to donate organs when the time comes. If the decision were made to end medical care in a more direct and rapid way, organs would have a better chance of becoming used to help others, which would restore some of the patient’s autonomy (Wade, 2001). Most people would rather donate their organs for the benefit of others, rather than remain in an unconscious state, when given the choice. Unfortunately, these patients are not given a chance to voice that opinion. Nonmaleficence Nonmeleficence is the ethical principle to do no harm. It could be argued that a person in a permanent vegetative state feels nothing, and that poses the question regarding whether or not one can do harm to someone who does not feel anything emotionally or physically (Wade, 2001). In addition, continued treatment actually may be doing harm to the patient. â€Å"There have been many declarations that survival in a permanent vegetative state is not a benefit to the patient, some regarding it as a fate worse than death† (Jennett, 2002, p. 356). There are opposing viewpoints that believe patients in a vegetative state actually may be aware of their surroundings. According to Hope (2011) a study confirmed, â€Å"patients thought to be in a permanently ‘vegetative’ state may still be able to think and communicate† (para. 1). Although this may sound hopeful for loved ones, for some patients being aware of surroundings but not able to move or communicate is doing more harm to them. Would it be more nonmaleficent to end their suffering if they have poor quality of life? Beneficence The philosophical question beneficence raises is will an unknowing patient benefit from an act of good (Wade, 2001)? The patient is not aware of any kind or unkind act done to him or her in an unconscious state. Ongoing treatment could bring about a recovery, but a patient may not view this as beneficent. The state that their body and mind would be in and the quality of life they would have is questionable for whether or not keeping the patient alive was actually doing him or her any good. Beneficence can also relate to the survivors of the patient. In many cases, it is the willingness of the family to keep the patient alive in the hopes of a miracle even if it is against what the doctor’s recommend (Brody, 1988). Is it beneficent to the patient’s family to remain in a state of ongoing grief when there is no improvement in sight? Justice Justice is the most applied ethical principle for arguing for or against termination of treatment for patients in a permanent vegetative state. One argument that can be raised is whether or not it is fair to continue to allocate resources for a person in this state when it limits the care and resources other patients could be receiving (Wade, 2001). If a person is in a permanent unconscious state and doctors have determined that he or she will not regain consciousness or live a normal life, should the care and services he or she are using be given to a patient who has a greater chance of recovery. In addition, consider the cost to society for paying for the ongoing resources and care these patients will need (Brody, 1988). Is it fair to impose that cost on others? Instead, the funds could be used to save the lives of others. However, if the policy became to end patient’s care once they have reached a permanent vegetative state it could be said that attitudes may change toward other severely disabled people and the ongoing care they receive (Wade, 2001). Provider’s compassion may begin to be diminished over time through seeing the termination of care on these permanent vegetative patients, and it may desensitize them in a way that would make it difficult for them to provide any ongoing care to disabled people. Terminating an individual’s life whether it is physician-assisted or merely stopping food sources will always pose huge ethical concerns, even if the patient is in a permanent vegetative state and cannot express emotion or feel pain. Forming an opinion on the issue is not easy, and there are many parties who have interest in the outcome such as the patient, their family, the staff providing care, the facility providing care, and society. By applying the four ethical principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice healthcare administrators can begin to form an ethical opinion to shape the way their facility approaches the many challenges permanent vegetative patients cause. References Brody, B. A. (1988). Ethical questions raised by the persistent vegitative patient. The Hastings Center Report, 18(1), 33-37. Hope, J. (2001, November 10). Vegitative patients can still think and respond. Daily Mail, 0(0), 28. Jennett, B. (2002). The vegitative state. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73(4), 355-357. Wade, D. T. (2001). Ethical issue in diagnosis and management of patients in the permanent vegetative state. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 322(7282), 352-354.

Strategic Human Resource Problems in Texas Instruments Malaysia

Strategic Human Resource Problems in Texas Instruments Malaysia Introduction Objective The objective of doing this task is to understand and analyze the strategic human resource problems in Texas Instruments Malaysia and to provide suggestions based on literature review and best practices. Company Introduction TIs innovation strategy let it leapfrog to the forefront of the chip business, where it has remained ever since Malcom Penn, CEO Electronic Engineering Times (June 2003). These are just a few words describing Texas Instruments. Texas Instruments Incorporated provides innovative DSP and analog technologies to meet our customers real world signal processing requirements. In addition to Semiconductor, the company includes the Educational Productivity Solutions business. TI is headquartered in Dallas, Texas, and has manufacturing, design or sales operations in more than 25 countries. Texas Instruments Incorporated is a company in the semiconductor industry that provides innovative semiconductor technologies to help their customers create the worlds most advanced electronics. Their analog, embedded processing and wireless technologies that is used in daily lives in many different ways, ranging from digital communications and entertainment to medical services, automotive systems and wide- ranging applications in between. TI Corporate Overview Texas Instruments in US, the headquaters (NYSE:  TXN), better known in the electronics industry (and popularly) as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, USA, renowned for developing and commercializing semiconductor and computer technology. TI is the No. 3 manufacturer of semiconductors worldwide after Intel and Samsung, and is the top supplier of chips for cellular handsets, as well as the No. 1 producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. Other focus areas include chips for broadband modems, PC peripherals, digital consumer devices, telecommunication infrastructure, and radio frequency identification (RFID). Based on 2009 revenue for 2010 ranking, the company was listed at number 223 on the Fortune 500. Texas Instruments is also known for its values that include high ethical behavior as well as diversity. One of the programs done is called inclusiveness ensures that diversity is valued and it is the core of the TI values across all the plan ts worldwide. Company History Texas Instruments was founded by Cecil H. Green, J. Erik Jonsson, Eugene McDermott, and Patrick E. Haggerty in 1951. McDermott was one of the original founders of Geophysical Service in 1930. McDermott, Green, and Jonsson were GSI employees who purchased the company in 1941 on the day before Pearl Harbor was attacked. In November, 1945 Patrick Haggerty was hired as general manager of the Laboratory and Manufacturing (LM) division. By 1951, the LM division, with its defense contracts, was growing faster than GSIs Geophysical division. The company was reorganized and initially renamed General Instruments Inc. Because there already existed a firm named General Instrument, the company was renamed as Texas Instruments that same year. Geophysical Service Inc. became a subsidiary of Texas Instruments which it remained until early 1988, when most of GSI was sold to the Halliburton Company. Today semiconductor is the biggest business for Texas Instruments Malaysia. Vision: To be the Assembly/ Test of choice Mission: To focus on the priorities which is our customer, our business partners and our people. Market Shares Looking at the chip vendors above in 2009, Texas Instruments is one of the market dominator in the business. The others represent small companies put together. The main competitors for Texas Instruments are Freescale and ST Microelectronics. Worldwide Location of TI TI has a long-standing presence in many of the worlds major markets and has the best geographic coverage in the semiconductor industry. With manufacturing sites, sales and support offices located in Europe, Asia, Japan, and the Americas, TI can provide products and services to customers wherever they do business Global Presence: Manufacturing, design or sales operations in more than 25 countries Employment Employee Population: Approximately 27,700 worldwide Regional Employee Population: Approximately : 12,900 in US America (Texas, North Texas and Dallas area) 10,000 in Asia 2,200 in Japan 2,600 in Europe With the big number of employees in TI Malaysia, many HRM issue will become more rampant especially during policy deployment as well as during communication. TI Malaysia currently has a very good system to counter that but what is actually required to tale them to the next level? TI Product Line Semiconductors: Amplifiers Linear Clocks Timers DSP Digital Signal Processing Data Converters Interface Logic Microcontrollers (MCU) Power Management RFID Systems RF/IF ZigBee ® Solutions Switches Multiplexers Temperature Sensors Control ICs DLP ® TV, Projectors Cinema Calculators Education Technology TI Financial Performance TI has a very strong financial history and performance as per the above. With the credit crunch currently being see, there has still not been any information or new on layoffs as well as retention. TI is prepared for the rainy days as they have encountered it more than once in 1997, 2001 as well as 2009. Awards Nobel Prize Winner Jack Kilby, the father of semiconductor discovered the worlds first silicon integrated circuit (IC) while working with TI. TI was the first semiconductor company to go global. 75% of all notebook PCs in the world use TI for power management and data storage. More than half the cell phones sold worldwide use TI technology. TI invented the worlds first handheld calculator in 1967 TI has won two Emmy Awards for DLP ® technology. Business Analysis Looking at the Porters Generic strategy above, TIs strategy on going for low cost position in the market was one of the reasons why TI got such a huge market share. In this highly competitive industry, cost and the differentiation of the product will become the pillars of the industry. Todays customers are very demanding and only wants the best and the best cost. With the high quality output of TI, the brand image speaks for itself. TI Malaysia is the largest factory site in TI worldwide. TI Malaysia produces about 10 million chips per day. Methodology In doing this task, we took some different approach in understanding the issues seen in TI Malaysia. Literature review: Through general sources, we identified some Info about TI through reading as well as through the Internet. We watched a video on Youtube on the Manager of World Exploration in Search of Great Talent, a unique function of the HR in TI US to understand the corporate thought process with regards to HR since this is a multinational company. Interview session: We were very fortunate to have the opportunity to have an interview and a discussion session with former TIM HR director, Reha Abd. Razak. On what was thought to be a question and answer session turned out to be a critical discussion session about the HR policies in TI Malaysia. HR Basics Human resource management is the function performed in an organization that facilitates the most effective use of employees to achieve organizational and individual goal Performing all the functions above, HR plays a very important role in getting the right people to do the right job. Looking through the theories we learned in class, HR should not just be about data processing of the employees records. The concept today talks about SHRM rather than just HRM for the extra competitive advantage that a company needs to stay competitive. TIM HR TODAY Looking at the basic structure of the Human Resource Department in TI, we can look at 2 areas, which is the human resource planning and the talent management. Below are the processes of both the areas. Looking into the function groups in TI Malaysia under HR, we can see 4 main groups: Staffing Training Compensation and benefit Employee relation Communication Though the sections are separated in such a manner, the HR departments operative functions are realized though the following. ER and communication was one of the aspects that we looked at during this task as the section was rather new and many works were required to ensure a proper communication flow in the company. The chart below explains. TIs Employee Development Strategy Employee training and development is one of the aspects that TI looks at. When an employee comes into TI there is a perception that TI will have to change and mold to ensure that they are aligned with the company. TI believes that on job training is very important in bringing the employee to the next level as a training plan. TI uses the 70%, 20% , 10% criteria in the development of the employee in the journey in TIM. The 10% seen will be the additional development program like Masters Degree or any external technical and professional course that can help the employee to improve on based on their DPM that will be discussed under job analysis. Job Analysis Job analysis can be seen in two aspects: Job Description Is a written statement that defines the duties, relationships and results expected of anyone in the job. Job Specification Is an analysis of the kind of person it takes to do the job such as lists of qualifications and specific skills TI has a detailed database and eDPM that spells out the Job description and Job Specification of every position to be hired. This can really help in the development of an employee and will enhance the SAKA of an employee. Looking at the Individual Development Plan (IDP) illustrated, we can see that TI has developed a proper way in managing the responsibility of an employee and in making sure that the objectives is set with the function group manager in relation to the vision and mission of the company. Hiring in TI TIs hiring process relied on Interviews, Reference checks and Physical ability test and is focused on SAKA. It is always recommended to consider using Cognitive abilities test as well which includes Verbal comprehension, Quantitative ability and Reasoning ability to hire the right person. Below is the hiring process flow in TI: The hiring process is standard across the HR in the industry, but for several key positions, there might be additional steps of interview with the department head as well as the operations manager. The utilization of the headhunters is one the method in ensuring a brain gain for the company. Some very technical positions will require skill expertise and the ability of the candidate to be innovative. The hiring process will be based on SAKA approach depending on the nature of the job. A good blend of in house breed and external technical skill will be the right direction for the company to take the next step. Training in TI TI has a very well balance training and development program for its employees. The above model will show the types that are available today in TI. TI has a booklet for new hire that clearly defined the Orientation, OJT (On Job Training), General training and job specific training that they have to complete between 1 month and 2 years time frame. Thus, all employees will undergo standardize training The development will be based on the individual performance and potential. Taking an example, some Engineers are sent for Masters course than can shape them both technically as well as generic skills. Performance Management in TI TI uses the 9 cell matrix in the individual performance rating. This will help to analyze and distinguish between the potentials and the top performers in the company. This can help in ensuring the proper development program is in place for the succession planning. Focus and Recommendations Mainly through the discussion and looking at the HR systems Today, we have identified 2 areas to focus on in the current human resource system. These areas are: Necessary steps are already taken by the HR department to address the issues above but a strategic approach is required to ensure that the company will have the competitive advantage to take the next step in Strategic Human Resource Management by having the HR be approached as an integrative linkage through corporate planning. The next set of discussions will concentrate on the problem that are currently observed, some analysis and the recommended action based on the literature review. Focus #1: Communications Organizations in general are fully aware on the importance of communications. Organizations put a lot of focus and allocation to ensure that their customers, stakeholders and the public, view them positively in general. Where there are sufficient financial allocations, organizations in the public sector of the private sector would set up communications units to serve the purposes indicated. Not enough with the internal staff, organizations may engage with specialists from communications companies, known as Public Relations (PR) agency in an effort to ensure that only good and timely news about them reach the intended parties. These are carried out in support of the organizations projected sales figures and in some others, their brand recognition. Despite the well-known and highly regarded values of communication, organizations or companies in general fail to recognize and address the position of internal communications in equivalence to communications with external parties. Strategies on the best approach, time and methodology to communicate with the staff or workers are often neglected and left to be attended only on ad-hoc basis or in other words, communicate with the staff only when there is something to be announced or if there is a crisis of significant magnitude that warrants the attention of a large portion of the workforce. In a nut shell, such attention to communicating with the employees is reactive in nature, which usually is haphazard, internalized with the least interest if at all, does not invite responses from the receivers and as good as mere lip service. Any company that is able to communicate clearly with their employees is more likely to reach their objectives of existence. Communications, between employers and employees ensure that the aspiration, directions, targets and challenges the company is conveyed clearly down the hierarchy. In return, feedback or recommendations bottoms up upon reaching the management timely and concisely are more often than not valuable inputs into the companys ability to move forward. In Texas Instrument (TI) Malaysia likewise, the focus on internal communications has long been a feature in its Human Resource Department. Adjusted for the local climate but in adherence to its global standards of practice, TI continues to ensure that the employees receive clear and undistorted news and information that the leadership wishes to convey. Internal communications are often viewed as a vital avenue to firstly create a sense of belonging amongst the group of employees. Imagine the set up like TI where there are more that 4,000 workers of various ranks and job scopes from a stretched list of business units, and share the site (plant) as their second home. These workers hardly have enough chance to mingle around at the workplace to get to know each other. Well, perhaps they know they work at the same place by the site uniform that they wear. As we move further, we try to understand the communications gap between the management and the rest of the workforce. In normal daily interaction, workers spend their time communicating only with their immediate peers and bosses. Should there be lack of communications channel with the higher ups, workers often end up conveying their views only to immediate supervisors. Similarly, they solely depend on the immediate supervisors to relay any message from the higher ups downwards. In creating the sense of belonging, workers need to recognize and accept that they are a smaller part of a bigger whole. They need to function, move and strive to reach the overall objective of the company. They need to know that there is a common goal and the goal is shared across the board. They need to know that they exist in synergy and without synergy with others or if there should there be misalignments of focus, the company will not be able to meet its intended objectives and if that so happens, the entire establishment will be affected. The end result could be monetary or anything that is detrimental to the well being of the company as a whole. Thereby, companies make use of its internal communications channels as a means to ensure that the workers continue to be well informed, motivated and share the big picture. Companies understand that workers who are in positive mindsets largely contribute to sales increase, reduction in wastage, able to accept the changes the company wi shes to deploy and carry the company reputation well wherever they go. Internal communication also functions as a generator of the companies work culture. Through the various programs developed and deployed under its purview, the company is then able to eliminate any form of ambiguity amongst the workforce. This also helps to germinate and make the employees understand basic values that are accepted, functioning within a framework where they operate in. Similarly, reports have also shown that by successfully creating the values of the company, positive effects would follow suit including: Employees making correct and acceptable decisions Increase in effort and efficiency due to clear and accepted mission Reduction in operational conflicts that could affect productivity TI, as an organization that upholds the importance of internal communications has put in place several programs or initiatives with the intention to create motivated workforce and, conducive and transparent work place. Periodically, TI publishes an internal newsletter called Gema TIM where news and events revolving around the operation of TI in Malaysia are put together and disseminated to all. Staff will make use of Gema TIM to follow the activities and be inspired about the achievement of fellow workers. The newsletter could also function as a conduit for workers to excel as those who achieve certain level of expectation are normally featured in the publication. TI also established an online channel and a physical equivalent post box for its staff to share their views, recommend or even complaint about any aspect of the company. Called Hati ke HaTI or Heart to Heart, the channel allows the workers to express themselves freely without fear. It is noted that most submissions are for general development of the company as personal issues are usually discussed in person with the Human Resources officer. Possibly every quarter-year, the Senior Management of TI would host a site-meeting or open dialogue, where a huge portion of the staff strength is able to verbally converse with the bosses amicably. The Senior Management of TI make use of such platform to personally convey success, challenges and direction of the company downward. They also take the opportunity to personally give motivation to the staff should there be any need of rectification of issues or need for assurances. Overall, the Senior Management is in view that the communications channels made available, be they Gema TIM, Hati ke Hati or the site meeting are the best conduits to ensure continuous and positive staff engagement. Despite the positive effort, TI has long saddled the responsibility of ensuring optimal internal communications to be assumed only as a supplementary deliverable of its Human Resources department. Only recently that the officer made responsible for the deliverable was upgraded to a Managers position where her focus on internal communications is now made a priority, enlarged and raised in strategic importance. The group did not manage to identify the real reasons for TIs long under-priority on communications. And we are not going to debate and guess over the reasons. Perhaps what is more important is to discuss the better ways to come up with a good internal communications strategy and maybe even recommend the approach to the Senior Management at TI. We would firstly confirm that TI acknowledges the importance of internal communications in an effort to continuously create a preferred working environment that would certainly contribute to high level of motivations amongst workers, which would later translate into better efficiency resulting in higher yields and returns to the company. Similarly we would also assume that the role of internal communication in generating a positive common culture is recognized. TI thereafter would need to consider the listed steps, as recommended by Robert Bacal in his report entitled Internal Communication Strategies: The Neglected Element: 1. Identification of intended culture There is a need to clearly distinct between which culture is needed and which culture is desired. What is most important is that the culture to be created must be able to support the companys goals especially financially. TI must therefore at this stage identify a set of suitable principles, values and behaviors for its workers to embrace as the principles, values and behaviors are the colors to what will later be accepted as TIs culture. 2. Identify and utilize available Communications tools Here, TI has already established a few tools including the newsletter, online commentary channel and an open forum. In fact, we should exhaustively look at what are the available and potential tools and study the effectiveness of those tools in a high-technology dependent factory set-up like TI: Printed medium The tools included under this category are not limited to a newsletter or in-house magazines alone. Companies should understand that memos and performance appraisal documents are also effective tools in communicating its stand to the workers. Companies like TI should therefore identify any potential printed medium tool that can be used to convey its aspiration, and if the tools identified can also be used as a feedback mechanism for the employees to submit their views. b) Verbal channel Sometimes meetings and team address go a longer way that orchestrated forums or dialogue sessions. Sometimes meetings are more acceptable to those who are uneasy with large crowds. Here, TI should be able to vary the verbal channels, not necessarily to attempt to cater for all kinds of preferences but rather to consider the platforms that are most effective according to several types of behavior extrovert, introvert etc. c) Electronic channel Companies who have sufficient IT budget would usually prefer to utilize the electronic channel as one of the key mediums of communications company-wide. The cost for developing a web platform for information dissemination, for example, is almost zero as the initial investment for the channel is preliminarily for generic communications purposes, as in the case of having a telephone for all deserving staff members. Similarly, the cost to develop an online newsletter is almost negligible. As the availability of server space and internet access are considered given factors in running a technology-dependent factory, TI in this case would only need to tap into basic web development skills set amongst its workers. The online newsletter could also be positioned as a collaborative effort between the communications / human resource department with the Information Technology (IT) department. Needless to say, most young individual college-educated workers are somewhat exposed to web development as it has since become commonplace. The IT department could then assume the roles as access provider and server manager. d) Management Behavior Surprisingly the behaviors of especially the senior management members are often construed as messages from the top level for the consumption of the workforce. For example, their hesitation to allow certain programs to be deployed could then in this case be an indication of non-preference for certain operational or deployment strategies. e) Staff and Management Forums This particular tool can also be extended to include non-verbal tools like company-wide surveys. It can an effective mechanism to be used to extract certain undercurrent feelings amongst staff members i.e. on recently launched programs or new initiatives that may invite mixed reactions from various affected working groups. 3. Identify tools are most suitable for specific goals Some tools are only suitable for some selected goals and not for the others. Some tools, on the other hand, may cause backfire to the management if not properly utilized. As in the case of giving a warning or reminder to the workers on the potential of lay-offs in view of the current economic condition, TI should consider the medium where the management will be able to lay out at length the processes that are going to take place and the potential workforce that would be affected. TI would then need to also provide lengthy information on possible measures the workers could take to prepare for such event. Announcements as important as this should not be disseminated utilizing channels that will only invite anxiety amongst staffs, which would lead to immediate de-motivation and reduction in yield. 4. Develop a description of how each tool is to be used Although there are available internal communications tools, those who have been made in-charge of the tools must understand and only make use of the tool in question in-synch with the bigger goals the company wishes to pursue. For example, if the corporate level of the company wishes to invoke the inclination of its workers towards integrity at the workplace, all other messages broadcasted should be moulded with the essence on integrity. The newsletter and internal online editors in this instance must contribute more messages on integrity and not on other secondary values. Similarly, the editor of in internal newsletter for example, must be skilful enough to carve out easy to understand and non-confrontational messages to invite the fellow workers to focus on elevating integrity at the workplace instead of forcing the new focus value down their throats. 5. Plan for remediation TI should take note that whilst the company may wish to develop certain values in its staff, there are expected training, coaching and mentoring programs that need to take place so as to ensure that the intended development is met with the least number of challenges and according to the measurements i.e. time, quantity expected. Training and coaching are also very important processes to take place in instances where there are certain new skill sets (technical/non-technical) that need to be acquired by the staff for the values to be realized. 6. Plan for implementation Developing an implementation plan for effective internal communications is similar to developing other types of communication plans. In this case, TI would need to observe a few important steps and at each step, a number of pivotal questions need to be answered so that the plan developed is within the intended frame of expectation: What to communicate? The message must be very clear and is in support of the higher level goal / aspiration of the company How to communicate? Choose the most suitable tool and identify if a single or double-prong or a multiple platform approach is the most suitable judging from the value of the message. Who will do it? The officer in-charge must firstly carry a high level of trust amongst workers and can continue to follow-up on it should that be required. When will it be done? The timing must be correct in consideration of i.e. landmark events, celebrative moments, economic situation etc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.and last but not the least, TI or any other companies deploying an internal communications agenda must remember that the initiative is continuous in nature and not a mere one-off or ad-hoc program. 7. Implement 8. Continuous Monitoring and Revise/Realign the Strategy or Approach if necessary The plan would require continuous monitoring in ensuring its success. And TI would need to realign the plan according to any changes in its corporate values, mission or in view of the changes in the industry. Remember, any strategy is dynamic and will require revision to cater for changes that take place. Focus#2: Talent retention Speaking about talent retention and people cannot help to wonder if the talent retention would become a major task for HR especially in an fluctuation of economic situation like this. The semiconductor industry will normally face a cycle of recession every 10 years once and given the reckless spending habits of the people is US, the economic situation has become worse. TI can be facing a brain drain problem if they did not take measures in ensuring the right talent remains in TI Malaysia. The article above speaks about truth on why an employee would leave a company. During the interview session, the HR director categorized it into two parts which is the push and pull factor. Some of the push factors seen in are frustration, not recognized, boring and lack of succession planning. Frustration: Happens when an employee feels that he is not getting what he needs and what he deserves. This ties back directly to the motivation concept. Motivation is defined as the account for an individual intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. Not recognized: Not recognized talks about the backroom boys or the busy bees who does everything but just do not get the deserved attention nor recognition. Looking at the Maslows hierarchy of Needs, the high order needs talks about esteem and self-actualization. In attaining a corporate goal set by the company, it is very important for an employee to feel needed and part of the company rather than just another employee. As mentioned earlier, the communication done by the site meetings with the whole factory helps translate the business goals into everyday work for the staff. There will however still be some that suffers from the middle child syndrome and decide to leave. Lack of succession planning: As we have seen in the case of Mohapatra, succession plans really helps to ensure that the candidate is really ready to take on such a challenge. Taking some departments in TI, which are support groups, the possibility of expansion is low and ladder is harder to climb, as they are already only a support function to the company. In these cases, if the employee is already working 7 years on the same position and the manager has another 10 years to go, the lack of succession planning can be the push factor that the employee starts updating their resume and looking for another job. The ability for the company to se their talent is very crucial to ensure that these candidates can be groome

Simbio Nichewars

Niche Wars David Scott Smith-3/27/2013 Introduction: This report discusses an experiment to study the relationship between the ecological niche and competition. The hypothesis formulated states that if competition traits are identical and resources are abundant than multiple species will be able to coexist, and if one species has an advantage over the others than this species will be more likely to out compete another species for resources. The objective of this experiment is to use a simulation model of a rabbit pen containing four different â€Å"species† of rabbits.The model establishes rules for each species that are based on a number of important characteristics reflecting their ecological niches and their competitive abilities. These characteristics include how far rabbits can see (to find food), how fast they can hop (to acquire food), how much energy they use each day just to stay alive, how much energy they must accumulate before reproducing, and how much energy they absorb from each type of food they eat. This simulation model is â€Å"parameterized† by assigning values to the variables for the rules.This experiment relates very closely to the competitive exclusion principle sometimes referred to as Gause's Law of competitive exclusion or just Gause's Law, which states that two species that compete for the exact same resources cannot stably coexist. One of the two competitors will always have an ever so slight advantage over the other that leads to extinction of the second competitor in the long run. Methods: In this experiment, there was 4 different rabbit species (black, white, red, brown) that were competing over 1 resource (lettuce).The species had different characteristic settings that could be adjusted in the attempt to have all 4 species coexisting together. These characteristics include how far rabbits can see (to find food), how fast they can hop (to acquire food), how much energy they use each day just to stay alive, how much e nergy they must accumulate before reproducing, and how much energy they absorb from each type of food they eat. Also there was parameter setting determining how much food was grown and the location of the food.The first step of this exercise was determining how competitive exclusion affected the species when a critical resource is limited in the environment. The modification to increase/decrease the amount of lettuce (the limiting resource) available each week was ran 3 different times set on (2,4,8). Next changing the characteristic settings for each species was looked at to determine what would account for the best coexistence to exist. The white species energy level for black rabbits was changed to 4. The black rabbit’s energy level for white was also changed to 4.The brown rabbit’s energy level for red rabbits was changed to 4. The red rabbit’s energy level for brown rabbits was also changed to 4. By making certain rabbits predators on other rabbits it allow s for 2 species to coexist with one another once the preyed upon species went extinct. The amount of lettuce per week was also doubled than tripled and finally quadrupled to see how this change affected the species. Results/Discussion: Changing the species characteristic settings allowed for 2 species to coexist with one another but that is the best I could achieve.When using the predation characteristic it helped the species stay near their carrying capacity which allowed them to be able to coexist. The predation characteristic is highly likely in nature and is most likely one of the key factors contributing to the selection of certain habitats and niches. When competition traits were all identical and resources were increased to be abundant than multiple species were not able to coexist and most went extinct because they over shot their carrying capacities which disproved part of the initial hypothesis.When all four species were biologically identical, it was impossible to correct ly predict which species would survive competition but when one or two species were given an advantage you could predict which species would survive the longest. Conclusion: Different characteristics of species allows for the types of niches that can be occupied and whether or not they can be coexisted for example a food specialist will have anatomical and physiological adaptations that allow it to acquire and extract energy and nutrients from one food source extremely well, but will be at a disadvantage if that food source runs low.A food generalist may not acquire as much energy from the specialist’s preferred food, but will be able to make up for that by consuming other kinds of food. We can easily envision circumstances in which either species might outcompete the other. To achieve coexistence of species the carrying capacities of certain species must not be overshot and remain constant.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Essay

a. Round 1 = In this round I removed lichens from the ecosystems. This would have a huge effect on the ecosystem because they play a role in the creation of soil where plants obtain nutrients. If they are taken out it can affect trees and flowers which affect bees, because they depend on them. This also effect humans that depend on the bees for honey and the fruit that the bees help pollinate. b. Round 2 = In this round humans was removed. By removing humans there was a little effect on the ecosystem. We are the top of the food chain and, but our actions do more damage then good for the environment. c. Round 3 = In this round bees was removed. This is a huge problem in today’s environment and effects the pollination of plants. Because of the removal of bees it really affects the ability of plants to produce fruits, which allow humans food. d. Round 4 = In this round flowers was removed. This was an affects to the ecosystem because flowers deliver food for bees. Bees provide honey and pollinate plants. Because of the removal of flowers it eventually removes bees which effect humans and the food chain. 2. Provide one action we as humans engage in that leads to the extinction of each of these components. Action affecting Lichens = Humans affect lichens with air pollution, industrialization and the introduction of sulphur dioxide can kill lichens. (Air Quality and Lichens, 2014) Action affecting Trees = Humans cut down trees to use for lumber, and to expand. This deforestation is the largest way for humans to affect trees. Action affecting Flowers = The way humans are affecting the flowers is by over population and polluting the air with automobiles that can produce acid rain. Action affecting Bees = The actions that humans take to affect bees is by destroying habitats, 3. Provide three specific actions that humans can take to minimize our impact on the ecosystem and ensure the survival of lichens, trees, flowers, and bees. Action 1 = Humans can reduce the amount of pollution that produced by using more efficient automobiles and public transportation. Action 2 = Humans can reduce the amount of pollutants the produce by using more efficient automobiles and public transportation. Action 3 = The other action they can do to minimize the impact on the ecosystem is to recycle this will save the need to destroy habitats for more resources. Experiment 1: Diversity of Plants Table 2: Number of Each Plant Species Present in Pot 1 and Pot 2 Species Observed Number in Pot 1(sunlight) Number in Pot 2(shade) Zinnia 2 1 Marigold 2 2 Morning Glory 3 1 Cosmos 8 4 Ryegrass 3 2 Total Number of Species in Pot: 18 10 POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis on which pot you believe will contain the highest biodiversity. Hypothesis = I believe that the plants that are in the sun will develop the highest biodiversity. 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. Accept/Reject = I accept my hypothesis because the flowers that I grew in the planter that I placed in the sun made the most flowers and different types. 3. If each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers, would you determine based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy? Why or why not. Answer = I was so impressed with the amount of flowers that grew in both environments. In my determination based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy. There was actually a lot of plants in both of the environment but of course the ones in the sunlight had a healthier ecosystem. 4. How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem? Provide specific examples and utilize at least one scholarly resource to back your answer. Answer = Biodiversity is very important to the health of an ecosystem. The greater species diversity is it ensures natural sustainability for all life forms. It provides natural services such as soil protection, water resources, pollution breakdown, food, medical resources, and future resources, according to Shah (2014). She states â€Å"Each species depends on the services provided by other species to ensure survival. It is a type of cooperation based on mutual survival and is often what a â€Å"balanced ecosystem† refers to†(2014). Crops are used to feed cattle, then the cattle waste nourishes the crops. Crops, as well as yielding grain also yield straw , the straw provides organic matter and fodder, crops are therefore food sources for humans and animals then the soil and organisms such as bacteria and algae serve as nitrogen fixers. Rodents, then aerate the soil and improve its water-holding capacity Spiders, centipedes and insects grind organic matter from the surface soil and leave behind enriched droppings. This large biodiversity is accentual to maintaining health crops and animals for the food supply.

Sarah Vaughan essays

Sarah Vaughan essays Known as one of the most influential artists in jazz. Sarah Lois Vaughan is an unforgettable legend. Sarah Vaughan was born March 27, 1924, in Newark, NJ, to Ashbury and Ada Vaughan, a carpenter and a laundress. Despite their occupations, Sarahs parents were also musicians in their spare time. Sarahs musical journey began with her parents love for music. Influenced by her mother, Sarah began taking piano at age seven and organ at age eight. Like most African Americans, Sarahs musical ability was nurtured and cultivated in the black church. The Vaughan family attended the Mount Zion Baptist Church where Sarah was the church organist. Sarahs love for music grew stronger during the early years of her life as she listened to artists such as Count Basie and Erskine Hawkins. She later attended East Side Music By the time Sarah was an adolescent, she had already began frequenting local clubs and theaters. It was at this time that she began to travel to Harlem to frequent the Savoy Ballroom and the Apollo Theatre (Contemporary). In 1942, Sarah participated in the Apollo Amateur Night Contest in Harlem; she sang Body and Soul. It was at this time, that Billy Eckstine, a member of Earl Fatha Hines band, discovered her (Website: Black Achievers). By winning the Apollo Amateur Night, Sarah was placed into history immediately. She had gained an opportunity to join the ranks of performers who preceded her and to make a career out of that opportunity. Whitney Balliett describes Sarahs talent in the July, 1977 issue of the New Yorker Magazine : "Her voice, which has four octaves and out-classes that of most operatic sopranos, came in unequal parts, a rich middle section, a little-girl high register, and a sometimes vulgar, an echoing bottom range. She uses it like a horn . . . " ...

Prescription Drug and Mr. Davies Essay

Prescription Drug and Mr. Davies Essay Prescription Drug and Mr. Davies Essay Case 1 Social Worker Assessment Scenario After a series of falls, Mr. Davies's PCP has requested in-home services from a local home health agency. As part of an initial assessment, a social worker is called to meet with Mr. Davies. The purpose of this assessment is to identify Mr. Davies's physical, social, and psychological strengths and needs. As needs are identified, available services in the community will be arranged to help meet these needs. Initial assessment Mr. Davies is an elderly white male who resides in a 1-story house (slideshow) in a rural town outside the city of Ithaca. He is currently 78 years old and has resided in the same town for most of his life. He has a high-school education, and has worked throughout his life at a number of skilled labor jobs including masonry, lumberjacking, and blacksmithing. Mr. Davies speaks very proudly of his past working career and of his accomplishments. He occasionally drives to the grocery store, approximately 7 miles from their home, but not during the winter months. Mr. Davies was married for over 40 years; his wife died approximately 2 years ago. He often speaks about how he misses her and feels quite lonely without her companionship. The client struggles with a number of chronic medical conditions including Type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, arthritis, and others. He states that he smoked cigarettes for 30 years, but quit sometime in the early 1980s. In addition, he was hospitalized in the 1990s with intestinal surgery; recuperation included a three-month stay in a nursing home. Over the past several months, Mr. Davies has been experiencing repeated falls which he blames on his "clumsiness." His hobbies include woodworking, which has decreased significantly since his arthritis has gotten worse, and writing poetry which takes up much of some of his free time, but has difficulty holding writing instruments. Overall, Mr. Davies seems content and relatively outgoing. Although he wasn't intoxicated, I noticed numerous empty beer cans in the kitchen sink. In regards to social support he lives alone, but his neighbor Mildred, a 73-year old female, visits him at least three times per week. She stops by to visit Mr. Davies a couple of times during the week to socialize and sometimes to have lunch. Occasionally, Mildred will drive Mr. Davies to the store to buy groceries and medications if he is unable or not interested in driving. He has a son, Jim, who works in construction and lives about 2 hours away from Mr. Davies; he is not married and has no children. Mr. Davies states that he sees his son every couple of weeks, but that he phones him at least twice a week. Mr. Davies manages to take care of himself in regards to most ADLs and IADLs, although he does have FoodNet (Meals On Wheels) deliver him lunch each day. He describes how proud he is to be able

Foreign Entry Modes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Foreign Entry Modes - Essay Example Foreign Entry modes: Evaluate the use of a Greenfield site compared to an acquisition for entry to a foreign country Hill (2007) contends that FDI takes on two main forms: Greenfield investment, mergers and acquisitions. Hill (2007) went further and argue that, in a Greenfield investment, the firm in question establishes a new operation in a foreign country while the later involves acquiring or merging with an existing firm in the country. Acquisition however is usually hostile, because this is usually done against the wish of management (e.g. CEMEX's acquisition of RMC of Britain and Southland in the United States (Hill 2007, Buckley 2004). In the years that follow after the Second World War, trade and investment have become increasingly intertwined. Within the first few decades after the war, most countries from Asia and Africa viewed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) with suspicion, and wariness and the flow of FDI towards these areas has been relatively slower (Buckley 2004, Sumelong et al., 2003). To most of these countries, the presence of Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) was seen as an impeachment to their national sovereignty. The situation was further aggravated with previous colonial experience and the fact that to some, FDI was a modern form of economic colonialism (Sumulong, Fan & Brooks 2003). According to the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the flow of FDI has substantially changed the international economic landscape. From1980 it has been argued by a handful of researchers (e.g. Hill 2007, Sumelong et al 2003, Buckley 2004, and Reis & Head 2005) that FDI outflow has overtaken the growth of world exports. The expansion in FDI became relatively pronounced during the period 1985-2000, a period characterized with scores of mergers and acquisitions, the Asian financial crises, the oil boom and privatization programs in Latin America (Hill 2007, Sumelong et al., 2003). In the year 2000, FDI outflow stood at $1.4 trillion (Hill 2007, Sumelong et al., 2003). Figure 1 below gives a summary of FDI and export growth between 1980-2000. Sources: Exports: IMF 2003; FDI Outflows: UNCTAD 2002 Having said this, in the remaining part of the paper I will be comparing Greenfield investment to acquisition as an entry mode strategy. The second section of the paper discusses Green field investment, while the last section provides the conclusion and recommendations. 1.1Green Field Site Entry Strategy into a Foreign Country Where a firm chooses to invest through the setting up of new operations in a foreign country often refered to as Greenfield venture. On the other hand, where the company acquires 100% ownership of an existing business to promote it activities is refered to as acquisition (Hill 2007). Ownership advantages resulting from Multinational Enterprise operations MNE can be looked upon from two directions. That is in a situation where full ownership prevails and a situation where ownership is shared with local partners. Tseng Hui-Chuing (2007) argued that MNEs equipped with capabilities to attain assets seeking objectives are more likely to choose an