Examples of Diacritical Marks

In phonetics, a diacritical mark is a  glyph—or symbol—added to a letter that alters its sense, function, or pronunciation. It is also known as a diacritic or an accent mark. A  diacritical mark is a point, sign, or squiggle added or attached to a letter or character to indicate appropriate stress, special pronunciation, or unusual sounds not common in the Roman alphabet, according to  L. Kip  Wheeler, a professor at Carson-Newman University in Tennessee. Purpose While diacritical marks are more common in foreign languages, you do encounter them quite often in English. For example, diacritics are often used with  certain French loanwords,  words  that are imported into one  language  from another language. Cafà © and clichà ©Ã‚  are loanwords  from French that contain a diacritical mark called an acute accent, which helps indicate how the  final  e  is pronounced. Diacritical marks are used in dozens of other foreign languages, including  Afrikaans, Arabic, Hebrew,  Filipino, Finnish, Greek, Galician, Irish, Italian, Spanish, and Welsh. These marks can change not only the pronunciation but also the meaning of a word. One example in English is rà ©sumà © or resumà © versus resume. The first two terms are nouns that mean  curriculum vitae, while the second is a verb meaning to return to or begin again.   Diacritical Marks in English There are literally dozens of diacritical marks, but it is helpful to learn the basic diacritics in English, as well as their functions. Some of the marks and explanations are adapted from a  list of diacritical marks  created by Professor Wheeler. Diacritical Mark Purpose Examples Acute accent Used with certain French loanwords cafà ©, clichà © Apostrophe * Indicates possession or the omission of a letter children's, don't Cedilla Attached to the bottom of the letter c in French loanwords, indicating a soft c faà §ade Circumflex accent Indicates reduced primary stress à ©levà  tor à ´perà  tor Diaeresis or Umlaut Used with certain names and words as a guide to pronunciation Chloà «, Brontà «, coà ¶perate, naà ¯ve Grave accent Occasionally used in poetry to indicate that a normally silent vowel should be pronounced learnà ¨d Macron or Stress Mark A dictionary notation to signify "long" vowel sounds pÄ dÄ  for payday Tilde In Spanish loan words, the tilde indicates a /y/ sound added to a consonant. caà ±on or pià ±a colada Tilde In Portuguese loanwords, the tilde indicates nasalized vowels. Sà £o Paulo *Because marks of punctuation arent added to letters, theyre generally not regarded as diacritics. However, an exception is sometimes made for apostrophes. Examples of Diacritics Diacritical marks are plentiful in English-language articles and books. Writers and  lexicographers  have used the marks to great advantage over the years as these examples show: Acute accent:  Feluda handed over the blue  attachà © case  before he sat down.- Satyajit Ray, The Complete Adventures of Feluda Apostrophe: Lets go down to my house and have some more fun,  Nancy said. Mother wont let us, I said. Its too late now. Dont bother her, Nancy said.- William Faulkner, That Evening Sun Go Down. The American Mercury, 1931 Diaeresis  or Umlaut:  Five young activists were voted into office, bringing political validation to a youth-driven movement dismissed by establishment elders as naà ¯ve, unschooled, and untenable.- Youthquake. Time,  Oct. 6, 2016 Grave accent:  Margret stood in her chamber;Shed sewn a silken seam.She lookà ¨d east an she lookà ¨d west,An  she saw those woods grow green.Tam Lin, The Traditional Tunes of the Child Ballads Macron: neighbornoun  Ã‚  neigh ·bor  \ˈnÄ -bÉ™r\- Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, 11th ed., 2009 Diacritics in Foreign Languages As noted, there are literally dozens of diacritical marks in foreign languages. Wheeler gives these examples: Swedish and Norse words may also use the circle marking above certain vowels (à ¥), and Czechoslovakian words may use the hacek  (ˆ), a wedge-shaped symbol to indicate a ch sound as in English chill. But unless you learn—or at least develop a proficiency—in those languages, you wont know how to read the words and letters altered by diacritical marks. You should, however, learn where these marks have become common in English—and where they have been dropped, notes  Shelley Townsend-Hudson in The Christian Writers Manual of Style. It can be tricky to know when to retain the diacritical marks, she says: The language is in flux. It is becoming more common, for example, to see the acute accent and diacritics being dropped from the words  clichà ©, cafà ©, and  naà ¯ve—thus,  cliche, cafe, and  naive. But dropping diacritical marks can change the meaning of a word. Townsend-Hudson argues that in many cases you should retain these crucial marks, particularly various accents, to ensure you are referring to the correct word, such as  pà ¢tà ©Ã‚  instead of  pate: The first use means  a spread of finely chopped or pureed seasoned meat, while the second refers the crown of the head—certainly a great difference in meaning. Diacritical marks are also important when you are referring to foreign place names, such as  Sà £o Paulo, Gà ¶ttingen, and  Cà ³rdoba  and personal names such as  Salvador Dalà ­, Molià ¨re, and  Karel ÄÅ'apek, she notes. Understanding diacritical marks is the key, then, to correctly identifying and even using many of the foreign words that have migrated into the English language.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay - 703 Words

Our problem today is that we have allowed the internal to become lost in the external -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Todays world is based on appearance, and most often the goal is not as important as the means by which it is achieved. Why is this such a problem? Time after time, people come to find that they have wasted their lives working towards a goal which, in the end, was never worth all that work to begin with, or they realize that they could have gone about their actions differently. The people of modern America are all about living live for the moment, taking risks, not making sacrifices, and never yielding to the long run. Looking at the world of 2015, one can witness the apex of human civilization. Who can†¦show more content†¦In September of 1957, at Little Rock High School, crowds of people against the integration of public schools, prevented nine black students from entering the school. What a waste of time that was. Instead of getting so worked up about who goes to what school, people should have stepped down and kept their opinions, and oppositions inside. This is an example of why ?bottling up? emotions is a good thing. It is not necessarily one?s appearance that make others not like him, but the things he says and does. Because of this, it is very hard to believe that white people oppressed blacks solely because of skin color. Oppression is wrong no matter what, but certain actions, and the way they were executed, which blacks took to eliminate segregation may have instead fueled hatred from whites. Sit-ins and bus boycotts are all forms of protest and rebellion, no matter how nonviolent they are. The Rosa Parks bus incident in 1955 is a great example of how two sides can escalate conflict. On one hand Rosa Parks refused to be polite and give up her seat, and started a nationwide boycott against public transportation. On the other hand, some white guy has nothing better to do that complain that he can not sit at the front of the bus. The only thing harder than integrating two races is integrating two races when one side is opposed. Due to, once again internal principles and beliefs (as earlier discussed in thisShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement1179 Words   |  5 Pagessegregations. Out of the numerous elements that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women’s movement aimed to convince the society that women are capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of homosexuality. 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John Biggers The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art Essay Example For Students

John Biggers: The Impact and Significance of Symbolization in African American Art Essay The integrated symbols of African American and African cultural themes within the artwork of John Biggers greatly reflects and displays women playing a non-stereotypical role within society. First it is important to understand the definition of symbolization, which is defined as, the systematic or creative use of arbitrary symbols as abstracted representations of concepts or objects and the distinct relationships in between, as they define both context and the narrower definition of terms. Now that I have clarified the definition of symbolization I can proceed in showing you exactly what a huge role symbolism plays in John Biggers artwork and most importantly his murals. Therefore, by examining and explaining John Biggers cultural roots and early lifestyle, along with Aunt Dicy, his last piece of artwork from his earlier art styles, and comparing his murals Longhoreman and Nubia, I will prove my opinion of just how significant the use of symbolization is to portray the important messages that are held within all of John Biggers artwork. First of all, is the important focus of John Biggers cultural roots. John Biggers was, from Gastonia, North Carolina, he was born in a shotgun house built by his father, Paul. The shotgun houses were very popular in this particular day of time because they were designed where every room connected to another, and their name symbolizes that you could literally fire a shotgun through one side of the house and a bullet would go straight through the house and come out the other end. They were very simple in their design and building shotgun houses took no time at all. John Biggers father was a Baptist preacher, schoolteacher, farmer, principal of a three-room school, and shoemaker. His mother, Cora, did laundry and cooked for white families. Being raised in such a structured strong rooted up bringing John Biggers was raised in a family that was able to keep their feet on the ground, and they were able to ground themselves in the south where obtaining a structured and successful life as an African American was almost unheard of. Therefore, his childhood days gave him a strong stepping stool into the real world, and aloud him to strive for only the best, but at the same time he was able to keep things real by never losing the true perspective of things. Another lifestyle influence that took place and is displayed in John Biggers art work is described when Cavan Leerkamp states, As I have read and studied I would say the greatest influence on his art (other than of course his awe-inspiring teacher Professor Lowenfeld) would be his trip to Africa. What makes symbols truly special is a spiritual and personal connection made through an experience relating to that symbol. John Biggers trip to Africa gave him hands on experience of the African Culture and aloud him to take his perceptions of the culture and apply personal and spiritual symbols to create a central theme within his artwork. The impact that the culture had upon John Biggers and his ability to soak up their history, legends, and traditions has greatly been displayed and influenced his portrayal of African Americans within his murals and he has contributed to the cultural impact within society itself. Secondly, around 1956 one of John Biggers best friends otherwise known as J. Mason Brewer asked him if he would depict the images and illustrate his adult-teen stories. These images became some of the last images produced by John Biggers within his early stages and symbolize to make up the period of his early stages within his artwork otherwise known as his way and views of life before he visited Africa. Although the time period and generation that Aunt Dicy lived in might now have been ready for her, she was fully ready for them. John Biggers illustrates a character of that in, which, The spirit of Aunt Dicy Johnson of Burleson County, East Texas, is one of self-assured determination expressed through her strong moral stance, her ingenuity and her wit. The Paths of Yoga EssayFinally, in order to draw a conclusion, we must focus on John Biggers other artwork and his use of symbolization in these two art pieces that we must perceive in two completely different manners and perspectives in which that, It is easily visible looking at the early murals Longshoreman and then looking forward at pieces like Nubia that a strong language had developed. Displayed below in Figure 2 is John Biggers Longshoreman mural and in Figure 3 is his Nubia mural. In Figure 2 Biggers depicts the busyness of a port in Houston and draws in the five senses to symbolize the characters and portray the constant commotion that is going on where he is located. John Biggers only had a very short amount of time to complete this mural because he had received a grant to Africa, and so this mural is a very influential piece of art that shows his adolescence and weak use of symbols compared to his Nubia Mural. Figure 2. Longshoreman Figure 3. Nubia Lastly, it is important to know that, To learn we must experience. If we cannot experience directly by traveling through Africa as he did then we must try the indirect route through reading and studying this history of these places hes traveled. By using this mural we are able to see that John Biggers artistic days before he journeyed to Africa were a lot more closed minded, and didnt depict as much symbolism, culture, legend, and felling as this mural from after his journey does. Therefore, John Biggers had the tools from childhood to be a very influential artist, but we must view these murals and take into account how influential it was to John Biggers when he went to Africa, and how it changed his artwork from that moment on forever. In Conclusion, John Biggers was raised in a very successful and well-grounded family for the regular living standards that were occurring in most families throughout the South at the time John Biggers was born. He was able to utilize and absorb the feelings and events that took place in his family and portray them to his viewers in many symbolic ways that were very significant to his artwork. He set women at such high standards and was very sentimental and dedicated to his views on the mother being the nurturer and caretaker and the father being the provider for the family. He put them on the same level, and was astonished to see things different when he visited Africa. John Biggers work greatly displays cultures, traditions, non-stereotypical roles that draw in his viewers, and prepared him for the greatest change to come which would impact his whole life and outlook on Art, his visit to Africa.

Religious Conflict Through The Ages Essays - Culture,

Religious Conflict Through The Ages The role religion plays in world history is, at best, tremendous. Through the ages, religion has both unified and divided civilizations often bringing extreme human casualty, in the case of division, or creating interesting new cultures, in the case of the latter. In the Ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Kush and Egyptian empires religion serves as a catalyst further strengthening the bond found in such homogeneous societies. In these civilizations it is important to note that the inhabitants did not conceive of religion in terms of a belief system in a higher moral authority, rather, the belief system was such a part of their lifestyle that there was no differentiation. In discussing ancient civilizations such as the Greek and Kush empires it is also important to understand that nonconformity was not even a mode of thinking, therefore, there was no room for religious disunity. In homogeneous societies, religion serves to further bridge the culture together. This is not the ca se in other later civilizations. England's King Henry VIII separation from the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century presents the most interesting scenario in discussing the role of religion and how it either unites or divides people. For the first time, moreso than Rome's conversion to Christianity, a religious division was taking place within a relatively homogeneous society. Religion perhaps is predominately viewed by most contemporaries as problematic given the current divisions among many Catholics and Protestants in Ireland and the continuing conflict between Muslims and Hebrews in the Middle East. The Crusades serve as an example of how two religiously unified societies become fierce competitors in the conquest for world domination, in this sense, religion is divisive. The dynamics in determining whether religion unites or divides people are extremely complex especially when discussing civilizations from the Egyptians to the English dynasties. However, three distinctions can be outlined in this discussion. Firstly, religion serves as a catalyst further unifying homogeneous civilizations such as the Greek, Ku*censored*e and Egyptian societies, secondly, religion serves as a primary focus of difference when two homogeneous societies, such as the Muslims and the Christians involve themselves in a conflict for spiritual dominance, and, thirdly, how religion, in some homogenous societies such as the Protestant Reformation of the late Tudor and early Stuart dynasties in England, serves to divide the people. Religious observance in ancient civilizations serves to further bridge the connectedness that the people of those societies felt. In the ancient Greek, Ku*censored*e and and Egyptian cultures religion was such a integral part of their lifestyle that it was totally indistinguishable in terms of contemporary classifications. The ancient Greeks held close to a common polytheistic belief system and operated the government, domestic lifestyle, and recreation from this system. The evidence is abounds in that the Olympic Games were held at the feast of Zeus at Olympia in Elis, and the Pythian Games were held at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. Although the Greeks were advanced in the governmental procedures such as their creation of the republic, Kings such as Darius yielded extreme power and control. The Ku*censored*es who first known around the sixth century B. C.(538 B.C.) were the darker skinned people who rivaled, to a small extent, the great Egyptian dynasties. The Ku*censored*es had a cen tral belief system that revolved around the ka or soul as Miriam Ma'at Ka Re Monges explains in her book entitled Kush: The Jewel of Nubia. The ka was used as a term for the creative and sustaining power of life which every human being shared by entering the world. Another important factor in explaining how religion within homogeneous societies serves as a bonding force is the Ku*censored*e custom of regicide. In Meroe as well as other Ku*censored*e kingdoms, the killing of the king was an accepted custom. The religious belief is that the King's physical well being was directly tied to the gods and to the fertility of the lands. Monges, in her book, further contends that: ?since the king was responsible for Maat[term a number of positive qualities, i.e. righteousness and truth] and since the fertility of the land was necessary for balance and order, the decreased vitality of the king would affect the production